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The Gold Dust Twins advertising campaign used caricatured Black children to sell cleaning products, which reinforced racist stereotypes and white nostalgic myths of Black servitude in the 20th-century United States.
Writer and director Oscar Micheaux was a creative entrepreneur and one of the most important figures in African American cinema during the early twentieth century.
Slavery ended in 1865. But many Black Southerners remained unfree laborers under the convict leasing system.
West Indian, especially Barbadian, migrant labor on the Panama Canal changed shipping routes, benefitted the U.S. economy, and affected immigration for decades afterward.